Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs when a blood clot forms in one of the deep veins of the body, most commonly in the leg. The greatest danger is that the clot — or part of it — may detach and travel through the bloodstream to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism (PE) which can be rapidly fatal.
Risk Factors
- Major surgery, especially hip and knee replacements
- Prolonged immobility — long-haul flights, bed rest, hospitalization
- Cancer and some chemotherapy agents
- Pregnancy and the postpartum period
- Obesity and smoking
- Oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy
- Personal or family history of DVT
- Inherited clotting disorders (thrombophilia)
Symptoms
DVT is silent in up to 50% of cases. When symptoms do occur, look for:
- Pain or cramping in the calf or thigh, worsening on standing or walking
- Swelling of one leg — typically one-sided
- Warmth and redness over the affected area
- Skin colour change — red, blue or purple tinge
⚠️ Pulmonary Embolism — Call Emergency Services
Sudden breathlessness, chest pain that worsens with breathing, coughing blood, or rapid heart rate — these are signs of pulmonary embolism. This is a life-threatening emergency requiring immediate hospital care.
Diagnosis
- Venous Duplex Ultrasound: The primary diagnostic test — visualizes the clot directly with no radiation
- D-Dimer blood test: A negative result virtually rules out DVT; a positive result requires imaging confirmation
- CT Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA): To diagnose pulmonary embolism
Treatment
- Anticoagulation: The cornerstone — prevents clot extension and new clot formation. Initial injectable heparin followed by oral anticoagulants (warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants such as rivaroxaban or apixaban) for 3–6 months minimum
- Compression stockings: Reduce post-thrombotic syndrome risk
- Catheter-directed thrombolysis: For large proximal DVT threatening the limb
- IVC filter: For patients who cannot receive anticoagulation
✅ Prevention
On long-haul flights: move regularly, stay hydrated, wear compression stockings. After major surgery: early mobilization and prophylactic anticoagulation as directed by your surgeon. Inform your doctor about any prior clot history before surgery or starting hormonal therapy.
Suspect a Blood Clot in Your Leg?
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